1. Physics: Fundamental Laws & Physical Phenomena
Mechanics & Motion
Newton's Three Laws of Motion (Inertia, F = ma, Action-Reaction). Universal Law of Gravitation (G = 6.67 × 10-11 N m2/kg2), acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2; maximum at poles, zero at Earth's center). Work (W = F × d cos θ), Kinetic Energy (1/2 mv2), Potential Energy (mgh), and Conservation of Energy.
Optics & Wave Mechanics
Reflection and Refraction laws, Snell's Law, Total Internal Reflection (critical angle; applications: optical fibers, mirages in deserts, sparkle of diamonds). Concave vs Convex mirrors (shaving mirrors vs vehicle rear-view mirrors). Dispersion of light through a glass prism (VIBGYOR), atmospheric scattering (blue sky, reddish sunset due to Rayleigh scattering). Sound longitudinal waves, speed of sound in solids > liquids > gases (zero in vacuum).
2. Chemistry in Everyday Life & Periodic Trends
Common Chemical Compounds & Formulas
- Baking Soda: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO3)
- Washing Soda: Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate (Na2CO3 • 10H2O)
- Bleaching Powder: Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2)
- Plaster of Paris: Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate (CaSO4 • ½H2O)
- Quick Lime: Calcium Oxide (CaO); Slaked Lime: Ca(OH)2
Acids, Bases & Periodic Trends
pH scale (0-14); human blood pH is slightly alkaline (7.35 - 7.45); gastric acid is hydrochloric acid (pH 1.5 - 3.5). Periodic table: atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group; electronegativity and ionization energy increase across a period (Fluorine is the most electronegative element).
3. Biology: Human Physiology, Nutrition & Diseases
Vitamins & Deficiency Diseases Master Chart
Vitamin A (Retinol): Night blindness (Nyctalopia), Xerophthalmia. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Beri-Beri. Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Pellagra. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): Pernicious Anaemia. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Scurvy. Vitamin D (Calciferol): Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin K (Phylloquinone): Impaired blood clotting.
Human Circulatory & Nervous Systems
Four-chambered human heart; double circulation; Arteries carry oxygenated blood under high pressure away from heart (exception: Pulmonary Artery); Veins carry deoxygenated blood to heart (exception: Pulmonary Vein). Blood groups (Karl Landsteiner): Universal Donor is O Negative (O−); Universal Recipient is AB Positive (AB+). Master endocrine gland: Pituitary gland regulated by the Hypothalamus.
4. Read Full General Science Notes on SF Prep
Access chapter-wise notes on Plant Physiology, Human Genetics, Optics, Chemical Equations, and Atomic Structure with solved PYQs on SF Prep.